Good Thursday

Jesus was crucified and died on the day, called “Preparation Day,” when preparations were being made for the Passover feast, eaten after sunset.  Preparation Day was the day that the Passover lamb was sacrificed at the temple in Jerusalem.  Traditionally, this has been thought to have occurred on a Friday.

In ancient Israel, the days of the week were referred to as the “first day,” the “second day,” the “third day,” and so on, rather than as Sunday, Monday, Tuesday, etc., which were named after various gods.  For ease of understanding, though, I will refer to the days of the week as we do today.

I would like to demonstrate that Jesus’ crucifixion and death occurred not  on a Friday (the sixth day of the week), as has been traditionally accepted, but rather on the previous day, Thursday (the fifth day of the week).  My Holy Week chart, near the bottom of this page, displays my depiction of the week during which the following occurred during the month of Aviv (also called Nisan) of that year:

1. Jesus entered Jerusalem riding on a donkey (on Palm Sunday, Aviv 10),
2. He was crucified four days later (on Thursday, Aviv 14), and
3. He was resurrected from the dead on the third day after that (on Sunday, Aviv 17).

Some believe that Jesus was crucified on a Wednesday.  The crucifixion not on Wednesday section demonstrates why I am convinced that this was not the case.

While the Israelites were being held captive in Egypt, God described to Moses and Aaron how the first Passover should take place (Exodus 12:1-28).  During its observance, all the firstborn children of the Egyptian families were struck down by the Lord, after which the Israelites were able to make their Exodus out of Egypt (12:29-51).

On Aviv (or Nisan) 10, each household was to take in a lamb without defect.  Each lamb was to be cared for, for four days, by a family (or two neighboring families) until Aviv 14, on which day the lamb would be slaughtered (sacrificed) at “twilight” (Exodus 12:6) or “between the evenings” (Exodus 12:6 in Young’s Literal Translation).  This was at mid-afternoon, not at sunset or dusk (see Twilight).  A hyssop branch was to be dipped into the blood of each lamb, with the blood then being brushed onto the lintel (top of the doorframe) and onto each doorjamb (two sideposts of the doorframe) of every Hebrew house (Exodus 12:3-7).

I believe it can be assumed that, due to gravity, at least a few drops of the blood would have dripped from the top to the bottom of the doorway.  Thus, the blood on the four sides of each doorframe would have demarcated a cross .  Later, every family was to roast its lamb over a fire and eat it; it had to be fully cooked, even the inner parts (Exodus 12:8,9).  Traditionally, to cook it evenly inside, as well as outside, a wooden stake was driven vertically through the lamb, while another stake was inserted horizontally.  Note, again, that the configuration of the stakes formed a cross .

At midnight (on Aviv 15, since the Hebrew day begins at sunset), the Lord allowed the “destroyer” (death angel) to strike dead the firstborn of every household in the land which did not have blood applied to the doorway.  But the threshold of the homes where blood was present were passed over (thus the name, “Passover” or Pesach) and were not disturbed (Exodus 12:23).

In every Egyptian dwelling (including Pharaoh’s palace), each firstborn son, as well as the firstborn of every kind of animal, was killed (Exodus 11:5, 12:12,29,30).  However, no one in any Hebrew family, nor any of their livestock, was harmed (11:7, 12:13,23,27).  When Pharaoh discovered that even his own firstborn son was dead, as was prophesied to happen (4:23), he finally told Moses to take the Israelites and their livestock and go (12:31,32).

Sacrificing the Pesach or Passover lamb on Aviv 14 was a ceremony to be observed as a lasting ordinance for all subsequent generations (Exodus 12:24,25; Leviticus 23:5; Numbers 28:16; Deuteronomy 16:1,2,5,6).  It was to be a reminder to them of God’s special care and concern for, as well as deliverance of, His chosen people—chosen to be the agents through whom He later would reveal His great and wonderful Plan of salvation to those in the world who willingly would accept and embrace it.

In the time of Jesus, it was on Aviv 10 (Palm Sunday) that the procession of the national Passover lamb for Israel was taking place.  The lamb was led into the city from the east.  It was being taken to the temple in Jerusalem to be the public sacrifice for all of Israel, four days later, on Aviv 14.  The lamb was met by crowds of people waving palm branches and joyously singing Psalm 118 as they remembered God’s miraculous delivery of their ancestors from the clutches of the Egyptian Pharaoh.  One passage being sung was, “Oh Lord, please save us, Oh Lord, please save us.  Oh Lord, send us prosperity, Oh Lord, send us prosperity.  Blessed is He that comes in the name of the Lord,” an expansion of the psalmic verses, “Oh Lord, save us; O Lord, grant us success.  Blessed is he who comes in the name of the Lord” (Psalm 118:25,26).

Following the procession of the Passover lamb, Jesus made His final entrance from the Mount of Olives into Jerusalem on a donkey (Matthew 21:1-11)—as had been prophecied centuries before (Zechariah 9:9)—indicating that He was coming humbly and in peace.  He followed exactly the same path to the temple that the Passover lamb had just taken.  The crowds of people, most of whom had witnessed or known of Jesus’ great miracles, placed more palm branches on the pathway in front of Him (thus, the name “Palm Sunday”) and shouted to Him as He passed, “‘Hosanna to the Son of David!’  ‘Blessed is he who comes in the name of the Lord!’  ‘Hosanna in the highest!’” (Matthew 21:7-9).  (“Hosanna” or Hoshana means “Deliver us!”)

It was, and still is, a tradition to rid one’s home of leaven or yeast—representative of “sin”—prior to the Feast of Unleavened Bread.  In essence, this is what Jesus did when He entered the temple and drove out all who were buying and selling there and overturned all of the tables of the money changers (Matthew 21:12,13).

For four days, the Pesach lamb was kept in public view at the temple for everyone to examine to make sure that it was perfect and without defect.  During the same four days, the chief priests, elders, Pharisees, and Sadducees interrogated Jesus; but He always left them speechless, because they could find no fault with His impeccable logic and character (Matthew 21:23-27, 22:23-46, 26:59,60).  Moreover, after Jesus was arrested, Pilate (governor of Jerusalem) and Herod (governor of Galilee) could find no evidence against Him nor fault with Him (Matthew 27:22,23; Luke 23:4; John 19:4,6).  This is because Jesus was perfect  and without defect, just as the Passover lamb was expected to be.

The Passover lamb was to be sacrificed in the temple on Aviv 14 at “twilight” (Exodus 12:6), or at the “twain of the evening.”  In Hebrew, the literal translation is beyn ha’arbayim, or “between the evenings” (Exodus 12:6 in Young’s Literal Translation).  The last half of the daylight hours (from about noon to 6:00 p.m.) was further divided into two parts: the minor evening oblation (noon to 3:00 p.m.) and the major evening oblation (3:00 p.m. to 6:00 p.m.).  Thus, “between the evenings” means between these two periods, or about 3:00 p.m.  This was the time midway between the beginning of the sun’s descent into the west (about noon) and its setting (about 6:00 p.m.).  So the Passover lamb was killed at about 3:00 p.m. on Aviv 14, which was Preparation Day for the Passover feast.

The Passover lamb in the temple was bound to the altar at about 9:00 a.m.  Similarly, “It was the third hour when they crucified [Jesus]” (Mark 15:25); that is, it was the third hour of daylight, or about 9:00 a.m.  Darkness came over the land (not explainable by a solar eclipse, because there was a full moon rather than a new moon) from about the sixth to the ninth hour (noon to 3:00 p.m.); and it was about 3:00 p.m. that Jesus died (Luke 23:44-46)—the same time that the sacrificial Passover lamb in the temple was slaughtered.  As the high priest killed the lamb, he would have announced, “It is finished!”  It is no accident that, on the cross a few miles away, Jesus’ last words also were, “It is finished” (John 19:30), which literally meant, “Paid in full.”

Now, recall the two “cross” configurations mentioned in the previous section.  Jesus was sacrificed on a wooden cross, as was the Passover lamb impaled on a wooden cross to be roasted.  Also, the blood stains of Jesus’ head, hands, and feet on the cross matched the locations of the blood of the lamb on the doorframe (top, sides, and presumably bottom) of each Hebrew family’s house in Egypt.

Finally, it was forbidden that any of the Passover lamb’s bones be broken (Exodus 12:46).  After the crucifixion, the legs of the two criminals crucified along with Jesus were broken to ensure that they would die (by suffocation) quickly, as the Feast of Unleavened Bread, Aviv 15, was soon to begin at sunset.  But Jesus already was dead, so they did not break His legs (John 19:31-33).  Indeed, “Christ, our Passover lamb, has been sacrificed” (1 Corinthians 5:7b).  John the Baptist referred to Jesus as “the Lamb of God, who takes away the sin of the world” (John 1:29,36).

It might be added that it often took two or three days for a person to die on a cross.  But it took Jesus—a strong, healthy man—only six hours to die.  Besides the fact that he had been severely flogged and beaten beyond recognition (Isaiah 52:14), He had more appointments to keep.  Jesus had said, “No one takes [my life] from me, but I lay it down of my own accord.  I have authority to lay it down and authority to take it up again” (John 10:18).  Moments before Jesus died, mid-afternoon on Aviv 14, He called out, “Father, into your hands I commit my spirit” (Luke 23:46); then He voluntarily gave up his Spirit (Matthew 27:50).  He knew He had to keep the appointment of dying at the same time as the Passover lamb in the temple.  He also had to leave time to be buried before the Feast of Unleavened Bread began at sunset.

Traditionally, it has been accepted that Jesus was crucified on “Good Friday.”  The assumption for this is based upon the fact that, after Jesus’ death, the Jews asked that all crucified bodies be taken down from the crosses in respect for the Sabbath, which began at sunset and continued through the next day (John 19:31a).  Also, other passages state that it was the Preparation Day, the day before the Sabbath which was about to begin (Mark 15:42; Luke 23:54).

Because the usual weekly Sabbath began at sunset after Friday was over, traditionally it has been assumed that Jesus died on Friday.  Had Jesus died on Friday, though, He would have been in the grave for portions of only 2 days (the rest of Friday and all day Saturday) and 2 nights (the beginning of Saturday and the beginning of Sunday—see the Holy Week chart).  Thus, His own prophecy (“...the Son of Man will be three days and three nights in the heart of the earth”—Matthew 12:40) would not  have been fulfilled.

Actually, though, the Sabbath referred to in this case was one of the “special” or “high” Sabbaths occurring each year.  This was a day on which a sacred assembly was to be held, and no regular work was to be done (Leviticus 23:6,7)—which, by definition, is a “Sabbath of rest” (23:3).  According to John, the crucifixion day “...was the day of Preparation, and the next day was to be a special Sabbath...” (John 19:31).  The first day of the Feast of Unleavened Bread (Aviv 15), the “special” or “high” Sabbath under consideration, began at sunset after the day of Passover or Preparation (Aviv 14) had ended.

The day on which Passover began (Aviv 14) was referred to as the “day of Preparation” (John 19:14,42), because it was the day the Passover lamb was slain in preparation for the evening meal, eaten after sunset (when Aviv 15 began).  Thus, in that particular year, there were two Sabbaths in a row: Aviv 15 (a special Sabbath) and Aviv 16 (the regular weekly Sabbath).

This further is inferred in Matthew’s account by the statement, “After the Sabbath, at dawn on the first day of the week...” (Matthew 28:1a).  Here, “Sabbath” is a mistranslation into English; the Greek reads “Shabbaton” (), not “Shabbat” ().  The direct translation is “and on the one from the sabbaths,” referring to the day following the two Sabbaths (a High Sabbath plus the weekly Sabbath) that had passed since Jesus’ crucifixion.

Some will point out how, according to (John 12:1), Jesus arrived at Bethany six days before the Passover.  Then, the next day, Jesus went on to Jerusalem, where the crowds went out to meet Him with palm branches (12:12,13).  Assuming that this triumphal entry into the city was on Palm Sunday, then the day prior to that was Saturday.  The argument, then, is that Saturday (the day Jesus arrived at Bethany) was six days before Passover Friday; therefore, Jesus’ crucifixion must have been on “Good Friday.”

However, in Hebraic thinking, any part of a day was considered to be a “day.”  Passover officially began at mid-afternoon on Aviv 14 (see the Passover and Related Periods chart).  Therefore, a mid-afternoon crucifixion on Thursday—which had begun at sunset, about 21 hours before that point—fits just fine if the six days of John 12:1 is counted as follows:

day 1: the hours of Thursday prior to the beginning of Passover (at mid-afternoon),
day 2: Wednesday,
day 3: Tuesday,
day 4: Monday,
day 5: Sunday, and
day 6: Saturday.

Three Gospel accounts, as translated directly from the Greek, indicate that it was the “first day” or the “day” of unleavened bread—the same day the Passover lamb was to be sacrificed—when Jesus told Peter and John to go to a certain man in the city to arrange for them to eat the Passover meal at his house.  However, in the translations to English of two of the three Gospel accounts, there is a mistranslation:  “On the first day of the Feast of Unleavened Bread...” (Matthew 26:17; Mark 14:12).  Here are correct translations from the Greek of the first portion of each verse:

Now on the first [day] of unleavened bread... (Matthew 26:17).
And on the first day of unleavened bread... (Mark 14:12).

In Mark’s account, the sentence continues, “...when it was customary to sacrifice the Passover lamb....” (Mark 14:12).  This obviously could not  have been the first day of the Feast of Unleavened Bread (Aviv 15), since it has been shown that the Passover lamb was sacrificed the day before this—that is, on Preparation Day (Aviv 14), just a few hours before sunset.

Only in the third Gospel account is the translation from Greek to English correct:  “Then came the day of unleavened bread on which the Passover lamb had to be sacrificed” (Luke 22:7).  Now, the day the Passover lamb was sacrificed (Preparation Day) always was Aviv 14 (Exodus 12:6).  Here, it is clear that this was the “first [day] of unleavened bread,” since unleavened bread commonly was (and is) eaten on this date, as it was/is for the next seven days during the week of the Feast of Unleavened Bread.  The fourth Gospel account correctly notes that the time was “...before the Passover Feast” (John 13:1).  The feast began on the 15th, which was the first day of the Feast of Unleavened Bread and a special Sabbath; but this was the second day of the eating of unleavened bread.

Jesus seemed to display a sense of urgency in saying that His appointed time to leave the world (that is, to be killed) was near (Matthew 26:18; John 13:1).  He was eager to eat the Passover with His disciples before He suffered (Luke 22:15).  Jesus had in mind that He must die that very date (Aviv 14)—being the Passover Lamb for humanity (1 Corinthians 5:7b)—at the same time that Israel’s annual Passover lamb was slain in the temple.

Jesus would have known that He would be unable to eat the traditional Passover meal the following night (Aviv 15), as He knew He would not be alive.  Since Jesus, being Jewish (in the flesh), celebrated every Hebrew festival and holy day, He would have insisted on observing a Passover meal, albeit early.  (Twice in the past, the Passover had been celebrated one month late—Numbers 9:6-11; 2 Chronicles 30:2,3,15.  So it was entirely permissible for Jesus, the King of kings and Lord of lords, to observe it one night early.)

It would have been in the evening at the beginning of Preparation Day on Thursday, Aviv 14 (immediately after sunset following Wednesday, Aviv 13), when Jesus instructed His disciples to go make preparations to eat the Passover meal, albeit one night sooner than usual.  (Remember, a “day” began with darkness for about 12 hours and continued into daylight for about 12 hours.)  The large upper room, where Jesus and the disciples ate their Passover Seder—the “Last Supper”—already was furnished and ready (Mark 14:15,16; Luke 22:12,13).  Thus, the preparations would not have taken long; and the meal could have been eaten that very night, soon after Aviv 14 began.  This would have permitted Jesus to be nailed to the cross several hours later, in the morning, at about 9:00 a.m. (still on Aviv 14), which was the beginning of the third hour (Mark 15:25) of daylight.

As to whether or not a lamb was eaten as part of the final meal (the Last Supper) that Jesus had with His disciples, the details are inconclusive.  Certainly, there is no mention of a lamb having been prepared for this meal, nor having been eaten at the meal.  We know that (unleavened) bread and wine were consumed.  Perhaps bitter herbs would have been eaten as well.  In addition, with all of the activities that transpired later that evening (including Jesus’ praying on the Mount of Olives and His subsequent arrest and interrogation), it would seem plausible that they would not have spent the time required to eat a full and complete Passover meal.

It may be assumed, by some, that the disciples’ preparations for the meal (Mark 14:15,16; Luke 22:12,13) would have included the slaughtering of a Passover lamb.  However, this sacrifice was not to be carried out until the middle of the following afternoon of Aviv 14 (Exodus 12:6) for a meal to be eaten the following night, when the rest of the Jews would be eating the Passover (John 18:28).  Also, the slaughtering, skinning, and roasting a lamb, a time-consuming process in itself, would seem to be an activity that, realistically, would have been very difficult to fit into the evening at the beginning of Aviv 14.

Also, on some level, it might seem incongruous for Jesus to have eaten a slain lamb when He Himself was going to be slain, the following afternoon, as the Passover Lamb for Israel and for the world.  Moreover, it would seem to have been superfluous and unnecessary, if not a manifest distraction, for an actual slain lamb even to have been present in the same room.  This is because Jesus was the ultimate Passover Lamb, and His disciples figuratively ate His body (unleavened bread) and drank His blood (red wine) at their final meal together (the Last Supper).

In essence, the true Passover Lamb, Jesus, was present; there did not need to be another lamb in the room.  In fact, in that context, it would seem to have been absolutely essential  that the disciples’ Passover meal was eaten on Aviv (Nisan) 14, rather than 24 hours later on Aviv 15, when a roasted lamb certainly would  have been an integral part of the standard Passover meal.

Aviv 14 was Preparation Day, on which the lambs were slaughtered at mid-afternoon—that is, at “twilight” (which was not  the same as sunset).  It was at “twilight” that Passover began (Leviticus 23:5).  Then, about three hours later at sunset, Aviv 15 commenced; this was a special  or high  Sabbath, immediately following Preparation Day, Aviv 14.  This special Sabbath was Aviv 15, the first day of the Feast of Unleavened Bread, which lasted for seven days (Exodus 12:16; Leviticus 23:6,7).

On Aviv 15, a sacred assembly was to be held and no work was to be done (Leviticus 23:7).  This, by definition, is a Sabbath (23:3), since the family members were to assemble together for their Passover meal, and no work was to be done on the first day (nor on the last day) of the Feast of Unleavened Bread.  In this particular case, it was a “special” Sabbath, before which  Jesus’s body had to be removed from the cross (John 19:31) and be laid in the tomb, still on Preparation Day (19:42).

Passover was a covenant that God made with the Israelites.  Their part was to slaughter their flawless, unblemished lambs on Preparation Day, Aviv 14, and to apply the blood of the lambs to the tops and sides of the doorframes of their homes (Exodus 12:22).  God’s part was to pass over the thresholds of the homes with the blood at midnight on Aviv 15, forbidding the destroyer angel from striking down anyone inside (12:23).  So “Passover” officially began when the lambs were slain at mid-afternoon (or “twilight”) on Preparation Day and ended at midnight on the first night of the Feast of Unleavened Bread.  Thus, Passover and the Feast of Unleavened Bread overlapped by about six hours.  Commonly, though, Aviv 15 is referred to as the “first day of Passover (or Pesach),” and the entire week of the Feast of Unleavened Bread often is referred to as “the week of Passover (or Pesach).”

Time Period	Begins	Concludes
Preparation Day	Sunset at the end of Aviv 13	Sunset at the end of Aviv 14
Passover	Mid-afternoon on Aviv 14	Midnight on Aviv 15
Feast of Unleavened Bread	Sunset at the end of Aviv 14	Sunset at the end of Aviv 21

Jesus died at mid-afternoon (beyn ha’arbayim or “twilight”—about 3:00 p.m.) on Good Thursday (Aviv 14) at the very time the Pesach lamb was sacrificed in the temple.  Traditionally, a “day” could be any portion of a day, and a “night” could be any portion of a night.  Jesus’ body would have been in the grave for portions of 3 days and 3 nights—that is, the rest of Thursday, all night/day Friday, all night/day Saturday, and into the night-time hours beginning Sunday.

This would have allowed Jesus to be resurrected sometime between sunset following Saturday (Aviv 16) and sunrise on the first day of the week (Mark 16:9), which was Sunday (Aviv 17).  As such, Jesus’ prophecy would have been fulfilled properly:

For as Jonah was three days and three nights in the belly of a huge fish, so the Son of Man will be three days and three nights in the heart of the earth (Matthew 12:40).

Some believe that Jesus was crucified on a Wednesday.  I disagree.  Here are three questions that have been proposed to me, along with my responses:

1) Doesn’t Jesus’ prophecy, “For as Jonah was three days and three nights in the belly of the a huge fish, so the Son of Man will be three days and three nights in the heart of the earth” (Matthew 12:40), imply a 3-day (or at least a 72-hour) time interval in the tomb?

Traditionally, any portion  of a day or night was considered to be a “day” or a “night.”  There is no stipulation anywhere indicating that Jesus had to have been “in the heart of the earth” (Matthew 12:40) for a minimum of 72 hours (which is three full periods of 24 hours each).

We know that it was the ninth hour of daylight (about 3:00 p.m.) that Jesus died (Matthew 27:45-50; Mark 15:33-37; Luke 23:44-46).  If this were at 3:00 p.m. on Wednesday, and assuming the 72-hour time limit, then the latest  Jesus could have risen would have been at mid-afternoon on Saturday.  Surely the guards (and others nearby) would have been awake during daylight hours and, presumably, would have seen the stone rolled away.

Even without the 72-hour time constraint, if Jesus had died at about 3:00 p.m. on Wednesday and had risen sometime after sunset following Saturday, this would have comprised parts of four days and four nights (the remainder of Wednesday, all night and all day Thursday, all night and all day Friday, all night and all day Saturday, and the beginning of the night on Sunday), nullifying Jesus’ prophecy.  Thinking that there must  be three full  days and three full  nights, in my opinion, is an attempt to force Jesus’ prophecy to comply with one’s personal preferences and wishes.

If I say, “I visited my friend in the hospital yesterday and last night,” it does not necessarily mean that I had to have been there from dawn yesterday morning to dawn this morning—one entire day and one entire night, or 24 hours.  In fact, anyone listening to me most likely would have assumed that I was not  there that entire time.  I could have gone there at 9:00 a.m. and left at 11:00 a.m., then gone again at 6:00 p.m. and left at 8:00 p.m., which meant that I was there only part  of a day and part  of a night.

Jesus died on Thursday at about 3:00 p.m. (at “twilight,” halfway between the minor evening oblation from noon to 3:00 p.m. and the major evening oblation from 3:00 p.m. to 6:00 p.m.).  Since He would have had to have been buried prior to sunset (which began the first day of the Feast of Unleavened Bread, a special Sabbath—John 19:31,42), then He would have been in the earth the remainder of Thursday, the night and day of Friday, the night and day of Saturday, and some part of the night after sunset, beginning Sunday.  This qualifies as “three days and three nights.”  (See the Holy Week chart below.)

Isaac was a “type” of Jesus.  In the eyes of God, Isaac was Abraham’s only legitimate son (Genesis 22:16); and Abraham was willing to offer him as a sacrifice to God.  God told Abraham to go to Moriah and sacrifice his son, Isaac, as a burnt offering (22:2).  At that point, Isaac’s fate was sealed; for all intents and purposes, he was dead.

The next morning (the first day after the commandment for Isaac to die), Abraham saddled his donkey and left with Isaac and two servants (Genesis 22:3).  On the third day (22:4), after they had reached their destination, Abraham told his servants to stay where they were while he and Isaac went to worship (at which time Isaac’s sacrifice would take place), after which they would return (22:4).  Abraham believed that if he were to follow through with sacrificing Isaac, God could resurrect him—which, figuritively speaking, He did (Hebrews 11:19)—and the two of them would return together.

We do not know on which day of the week God commanded Abraham to sacrifice Isaac; but, for a moment, let us assume that it was a Thursday.  Essentially, that  was the day of Isaac’s sacrifice, because God had commanded it, and only God can rescind His own command.

It was the next day—the first day after the command to sacrifice Isaac—that Abraham and Isaac set out for Moriah.  On our proposed time line, this would have been Friday.  Then it was on the third day that Isaac’s reprieve from God came; and Isaac, in effect, was raised from death (Hebrews 11:19) on that day.  If Friday had been the first day after Isaac’s “sacrifice,” Saturday would have been the second day, and Sunday (Isaac’s “resurrection day”) would have been the third day.

2) Your premise that Jesus died on a Thursday is based upon the assumption that He rose on a Sunday.  How do we know that Jesus rose on a Sunday?  What if, instead, he rose during Saturday afternoon or Saturday night, in which case the crucifixion would have taken place on a Wednesday, rather than on a Thursday or a Friday?

There are several reasons why I am convinced that Jesus rose from the dead sometime after sunset following Saturday, Aviv 16, at which time Sunday, Aviv 17 (the first day of the week), had begun.

• Mark wrote, “When Jesus rose early on the first day of the week...” (Mark 16:9).  The first day of the week is Sunday, not Saturday.
  
  
• Luke wrote, “Now on that same day [the first day of the week—Luke 24:1], two of them were going to a village called Emmaus...” (24:13).  Jesus came and walked along with them, asking them questions and getting them to talk about the events that recently had happened to Jesus, including the crucifixion (24:19b-21a).  They said, “And what is more, it is the third day since all this took place” (24:21b).  If they said this to Jesus on the first day of the week, and we count back three days, we move back to Thursday (not Wednesday or Friday) as His crucifixion day.  Moreover, these men said that the women had gone to the tomb early that morning (24:22), which was the first day of the week (24:1).
  
  
• The three women rushed to the tomb, to see if Jesus was still in it, at the very first opportunity allowed by Levitical law: dawn on Sunday.  They would have broken this law if they had run to the tomb on a Sabbath day.  Had Jesus been crucified and buried on Wednesday, then Thursday would have been a special Sabbath (John 19:31).  If this had been the case, the women certainly would have rushed to the grave at dawn on Friday, which they did not, because two Sabbath days in a row—Friday (a high Sabbath) and Saturday (the regular weekly Sabbath)—kept them away until Sunday morning.
  
  
• Leviticus 23:3 indicates that the seventh day of the week is the regular weekly Sabbath.  Leviticus 23:9-14 describes the celebration of firstfruits, and the specific day for this to occur is seen to be the day after the regular Sabbath (23:11), making it be the first day of the week.  Jesus fulfilled the four Spring feasts/festivals (Passover, Feast of Unleavened Bread, Feast of Firstfruits, and Shavuot) at His first coming or soon after His resurrection.  As the firstfruits from the dead (1 Corinthians 15:20,23), Jesus fulfilled the Feast of Firstfruits by rising from the dead on that day—the first day of the week, Aviv 17.
  
  
• Leviticus 23:15 reiterates that, during the week of the Feast of Unleavened Bread, the day after the (regular weekly) Sabbath/Saturday—that is, the day of the Feast of Firstfruits—would begin a 50-day count, ending on the day after the seventh (regular weekly) Sabbath/Saturday (23:16).  This fiftieth day, on which the Feast of Weeks or Shavuot fell, being the day after the seventh Sabbath, also was on the first day of the week: Sunday.  This was the day of Pentecost (which is an indication of “fifty” or “fiftieth”), on which the Holy Spirit—led and directed by the risen Lord Jesus—came upon all the Jews gathered in one place (Acts 2:1-4).  So both day #1 (the Feast of Firstfruits = Resurrection Day) and day #50 (the Feast of Weeks = Shavuot or Pentecost) took place, and still take place, on the first day of the week: Sunday.

Paul said,

But Christ has indeed been raised from the dead, the firstfruits of those who have fallen asleep.  For since death came through a man, the resurrection of the dead comes also through a man.  For as in Adam all die, so in Christ all will be made alive.  But each in his own turn: Christ, the firstfruits; then, when he comes, those who belong to him (1 Corinthians 15:20-23).

The Feast of Weeks, also known as Shavuot or Pentecost, was to take place seven weeks following the Feast of Firstfruits:

From the day after the Sabbath, the day you brought the sheaf of the wave offering, count off seven full weeks.  Count off fifty days up to the day after the seventh Sabbath, and then present an offering of new grain to the LORD.  From wherever you live, bring two loaves made of two-tenths of an ephah of fine flour, baked with yeast, as a wave offering of firstfruits to the LORD (Leviticus 23:15-17).

3) Do we have any Scripture to confirm whether Christ arose before or after midnight on Sunday?

No, but a Hebrew day runs from sunset to sunset (not midnight to midnight).  As long as He rose at some point after the previous sunset, which was the beginning of Sunday (and which began the final night of the “three days and three nights” sequence), then He rose on the first day of the week.  It doesn’t matter whether He rose before or after midnight; either way, it still was dark on the first day of the week, satisfying the third “night” of the Matthew 12:40 prophecy.