1. Use quotation marks (“ ”) to enclose a direct quotation.  Each part of an interrupted quotation begins and ends with quotation marks.  Capitalize the first word of a direct quotation, but do not capitalize the second part of an interrupted quotation unless the second part begins a new sentence.
    • Alan said, “I can bring it back to you next week.”
    • “Take these flowers,” suggested Bridget, “and give them to your mother.”
    • “Can they do that?” she asked.  “Isn’t that a violation of the rules?”
    1. Do not use quotation marks or capital letters to begin an indirect quotation.
      • Sarah said that the concert has been postponed until Tuesday night.  (Many indirect quotations are introduced by the word that.)
      • We asked where the old furniture had been placed.

  2. Use quotation marks to enclose the titles of magazine articles, chapters of books, names of songs, titles of poems, and some other titles.
    • This month’s Decision Magazine includes an interesting article, “A New Day Has Dawned,” by Billy Graham.
    • Read Chapter 7, “Elements of Trigonometry,” by tomorrow.
    • Rob told me that “Yesterday,” sung by the Beatles, is his favorite oldie.
    • The first poem in S. Omar Barker’s Rawhide Rhymes is “Old Time Cowboys.”
    1. In typing or in writing, if italics are not available, underline the titles of books, magazines, operas, and any other works of art long enough to appear in book form.  Underlining signifies italics for printing.
      • The anthology, Toward Liberal Education, includes A. E. Housman’s “Introductory Lecture” and S. I. Hayakawa’s “Poetry and Advertising.”
      • The soprano sang “If Madam Should Call You” from Mozart’s Marriage of Figaro.

  3. Use quotation marks to set off words, phrases, or sentences referred to within a sentence.
    • The word “discreet” frequently is misspelled.
    • The phrase “at the same time” sometimes is used as a transitional phrase within a sentence.
    • The sentence “The quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog” is a good typing exercise, since it contains all the letters of the alphabet.
    1. It also is permissible, in the above examples, to italicize or underline the words, phrases, or sentences rather than to set them off with quotation marks.
      • The word discreet frequently is misspelled.
      • The phrase at the same time sometimes is used as a transitional phrase within a sentence.
      • The sentence The quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog is a good typing exercise, since it contains all the letters of the alphabet.

  4. Use quotation marks to set off slang words or expressions.
    • When sending instant messages online, “LOL” often is used to mean “laughing out loud.”
    • In the letter to his grandmother, Jordan wrote that it would be “kewl and awesome” if they could communicate via email.
    1. It also is permissible, in the above examples, to italicize or underline the slang words or expressions rather than to set them off with quotation marks.
      • When sending instant messages online, often LOL is used to mean laughing out loud.
      • In the letter to his grandmother, Jordan wrote that it would be kewl and awesome if they could communicate via email.

  5. If two or more paragraphs are quoted, use quotation marks at the beginning of each paragraph and at the end of only the last paragraph.  Long quotations usually are introduced by a colon instead of a comma.  Quotations of three or more lines usually are indented and set apart from the body of the text.
    • Our teacher said we have to memorize the first part of Marc Antony’s oration from Shakespeare’s Julius Caesar:
    “Friends, Romans, countrymen, lend me your ears;
    I come to bury Caesar, not to praise him.

    “The evil that men do lives after them;
    The good is oft interred with their bones;
    So let it be with Caesar.  The noble Brutus
    Hath told you Caesar was ambitious:
    If it were so, it was a grievous fault,
    And grievously hath Caesar answer’d it.

    “Here, under leave of Brutus and the rest—
    For Brutus is an honourable man;
    So are they all, all honourable men—
    Come I to speak in Caesar's funeral.”

  6. Use quotation marks carefully with other punctuation marks.

    1. A period and a comma always are placed before ending quotation marks.
      • Julie said, “Tell me the truth.”
      • Joey mispronounces the word “supposedly” as “supposebly.”
      • “Let me borrow your new CD,” she requested.
      • In the yearbook, Jennifer’s titles were listed as “Homecoming Queen,” “Rodeo Queen,” and “Prom Queen.”
    2. A question mark and an exclamation mark are placed before ending quotation marks only when they are part of the quoted material.
      • Barry asked, “Do you have a pen I can borrow?”
      • Sandra exclaimed, “I’m not going to take it anymore!”
    3. A question mark and an exclamation mark follow ending quotation marks when they are part of the overall sentence.
      • If he asks, should I tell him, “Make me an offer I can’t refuse”?
      • I can’t believe you told her, “I’m not interested”!
    4. A semicolon and a colon follow ending quotation marks unless they are part of the quoted material.
      • I told her, “I just can’t do it”; she didn’t believe me.
      • He refers to these as his “bad numbers”: 5, 21, and 99.

  7. Use single quotation marks to set off expressions or quotations within a quotation.  (Other punctuation marks are used with single quotation marks in the same way as they are with double quotation marks.)
    • Roberta announced, “I’ve had enough of your so-called ‘valid excuses.’”
    • Did he ask, “Should I enroll in the ‘hip-hop,’ ‘fat-burner,’ or ‘step’ aerobics class?”
    • “I overheard her say, ‘Do it yourself!’” insisted Marcus.
    • “Didn’t I tell you, ‘Take out your license’?” questioned the officer.

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